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GLOSSARY OF TECHNICAL TERMS
Accommodation. Harmonization triggered by the perceived context of communicative interactions. [6.2] Activation function. A mapping from each of the constituents of a mental state to a number, a level of activation. If a mental state is a system of attunements, it is a function from attunements to a pair consisting of (a) a level of attunement, and (b) a level of activation. [3.4] Antagonistic ideological social group. A community of practice for which a central feature of the ideology is a strongly negative collective emotional attunement to some other social group.
[6.6] Associative resonance. An action in the extension of a practice is a (positive) resonance of a feature of context to the extent that an occurrence of the action changes the probability of that feature (positively). [1.4] Associative resonance (formal). p(feature| instantiation of practice) − p(feature) [5.2] Attunement. An agent is attuned to something to the extent that their state and behavior predictably evolve in accordance with its presence in the agent’s context. [2.2] Attunement profile of a practice. The subpart of the presuppositional resonances [of the practice] that involves collective attunements of interactants. [5.2] Attunement to narrative. To be cognitively attuned to a narrative frame is to have a disposition to see groups of events, actors, and locations as instantiations of that frame; to be dispositionally attuned to a narrative frame is to have a tendency to behave by analogy with characters drawn from it. [3.5] Attunement to practice. An agent is attuned to a practice to the extent that their state and behavior predictably evolve in accordance with its presence in the agent’s context. [2.3] Attunement to practice (in terms of resonance). An agent is attuned to a community practice to the extent that their state and behavior tend to evolve in accord with the resonances of actions belonging to the extension of that practice in the community.
[2.5] Autonomous agent. “An agent who is sovereign in deciding what to believe and in weighing competing reasons for action.” (Scanlon, “A Theory of Freedom of Expression,” 15) [11.2] Black propaganda. A contribution to public discourse that is misrepresented as from a committed group member yet is of a kind that tends to erode that very group. [6.1] Broad autonomous agent. An agent who is sovereign in deciding what attunements to have. [11.2] Causal efficacy postulate. Within a speech community, speech practices will not emerge that have as resonances properties that can neither causally affect whether community members perform the practice, nor are causally related to effects of the practice that community members can recognize. [2.5] Collaborative language accommodation. Collective harmonization around novel language practices, whether primarily implicit or involving overt metalinguistic moves of negotiation. [6.4] Collective behavioral attunement. A group of agents is behaviorally attuned to something to the extent that their collective behaviors predictably accord with its presence in the group’s context. [2.4] Collective effervescence. A state in which behavioral and emotional harmony within a close-knit group dominates the collective attention of that group to the exclusion of anything else. [3.7] Collective harmony.
That which is experienced emotionally by members of a group because of how different group members’ attunements relate to each other. This may be an experience of collective consonance, when there is manifest coherence of attunements, which implies a high degree of collective attunement, or collective dissonance, when there is manifest incoherence of attunements. [3.8] Common ground. The common ground of a group is the collective attunements of that group. [2.4] Common ground (discrete approximation). The collective common ground is (approximated by) the set of things to which the level of collective attunement of the group is high. [2.4] Community of practice. A set of individuals with strong collective attunements to a set of practices, such that no larger set of individuals has similarly strong or stronger collective attunements to that set of practices. [2.5] Consonance.
The experience of manifest coherence of systems of attunements. [3.4] Content-delivery model. Communication consists of conveying meaning inside container-like vessels consisting of symbols, such that the speaker’s job is to wrap the meaning up and the hearer’s job is to unwrap it. [1.2] Convergence. Accommodation is convergent toward a second party (an individual or group) when it results in a monotonic increase in the level of collective attunement with that party.
[6.4] Cooperation. To cooperate, agents must choose to perform actions that enhance the probability that both they and others will reach their goals. [8.2] Cooperativity (idealization): Speaker and hearer are cooperating in the service of a set of common interests. [9.2] Coordination. Coordination of activity between entities occurs when their behaviors are correlated in such a way as to make the behavior of one predictable given knowledge of the behavior of the others. [8.2] Degree to which something resonates for someone. Something resonates (positively) for a group or individual to the extent that it induces increased (positive) harmony for them. [3.9] Deliberative uptake. A multistage process like that assumed in the content-delivery model, consisting of comprehension, in which the meaning of an utterance is identified, followed by integration, in which a decision is reached deliberatively to accept the message and update one’s mental state accordingly, or to reject it. [3.1] Dialogue (idealization). A talk exchange is between one speaker and one hearer.
[9.2] Discriminatory ideology. An ideology that includes attunements to in-group/out-group distinctions (a.k.a. us-them distinctions), and in which members of out-groups are valued less than members of in-groups, and hence as inherently deserving of less than equal treatment or resources. [2.6] Dissonance. The experience of manifest incoherence of systems of attunements. [3.4] Divergence. Accommodation is divergent when it results in a monotonic decrease of the level of collective attunement with some party. [6.4] Effect probability. The probability that a certain feature of the context is an effect of an action instantiating a practice, written as p(instantiation of practice caused feature). [5.2] Exigence/exigent power. The intrinsic power of a communicative practice to affect participants that is hard to resist, independently of the intention of the speaker (or anyone else). [2.6] Extent (idealization). The individual utterance is the bearer of significant semantic properties. Properties of larger discourses, or temporally discontinuous exchanges, need to be considered only by extrapolation from the single utterance case. [9.2] Force (idealization).
The primary level for studying communication is the illocutionary force of the utterance, which is a function of the underlying content. [9.2] Fragmentation. In epistemology, splitting representations of knowledge or belief into multiple self-contained segments. [3.2] Genocidally antagonistic ideological social group. A community of practice whose identity is based on being existentially imperiled by the existence of another group. [10.3] Harmonization. The process by which groups of attunements evolve in order to bring about positive harmony. [3.4] Harm Principle. “The only purpose for which power can be rightfully exercised over any member of a civilized community, against his will, is to prevent harm to others.” (Mill, On Liberty, 9) [11.1] Hustle. The hustle in an utterance is all the communicative actions performed through that utterance that are not straight talk.
(Hustle is what people do with words nontransparently.) [8.1] Hyperprojectivity. A construction is a trigger for a hyperprojective resonance if both unembedded uses of the construction and uses of the construction in metalinguistic environments (including indirect speech reports and quotation) tend to carry that resonance to a significant extent. [5.4] Ideological resonances. The ideological resonances of a practice consist in the increased tendency for practitioners to have attunements belonging to the ideology. [2.6] Ideology. An ideology is the system of collective attunements among members of a community of practice. [2.6] Instantiation of a narrative frame. A narrative in which the abstract events, actors, and locations of the narrative frame are identified with particular events, actors, and locations. [3.5] Instrumental power of language. The ability language gives people to exercise power over others. [2.6] Inter-attunement distance. A mapping from any two attunements to the level of association between the attunements, i.e., the degree to which activation of one attunement is likely to lead to activation of the other. [3.5] Internal harmony.
What is experienced emotionally when one is aware of how one’s attunements relate to one another, a sense of consonance (positive harmony, or just harmony when this will not cause confusion) or dissonance (negative harmony). [3.4] Kaplanian meaning of an action. A function mapping features of context to 1 if the conditional probability of the feature given the action is 1, and to 0 otherwise. [1.7] Landscape of attunement. The landscape of attunement for a person is the sum of their neighborhoods of thought. [3.4] Language homogeneity (idealization). Conventional meanings are determined primarily at a level of recognized languages, which may include millions of speakers. Speech practices of individuals or subgroups, registers, styles, differences from one communicative medium to another, and rhetorical frames of particular conversations, are not central [9.2] Meaningfulness.
Something is inwardly (/outwardly) meaningful for some individual or group to the extent that it resonates for them (/for others) in a way that activates attunements that are distinctive of their identity. [6.4] Meaning/signal inequality. What an action means is more than what is signaled. [1.8] Mixed Accommodation. Accommodation is mixed when there is a combination of convergence and divergence to the same party.
[6.4] Narrative frame. An abstract template that consists of (i) a set of principle actors that have particular characteristics and relationships with each other, (ii) a set of connected events that involve those actors and locations and lead to particular changes affecting the actors and locations, and (iii) optionally, valuations of some of the actors, behaviors, or events. [3.5] Narrative harmonization. A change in a system of attunements based on the supposition that real-world characteristics of individuals, relationships, and events match the characteristics found in a narrative, and that behaviors portrayed positively in the narrative are normatively desirable. [3.5] Neighborhoods of thought. Sets of attunements that tend to be simultaneously activated to some degree because the inter-attunement distances are low.
[3.4] Neutrality (idealization). (i) Conventions associated with words assign them a core of neutral and aperspectival meaning; (ii) at least some expressions are completely neutral, in the sense that perspective and attunement to social location are irrelevant to their meaning; and (iii) the neutral core of the meaning of a nonneutral expression is paraphrasable in neutral terms. [9.2] Neutrality of discussion. Discussion is neutral if perspective and attunement to social location are irrelevant to the understanding and evaluation of each move in the discussion. [7.1] Nondeliberative uptake. When an idea first enters our minds, it enters as a belief, and only later might we decide to reject it.
[3.3] Non-idiosyncrasy postulate. For a member of a speech community, the resonances of a speech act that follows the practices of that community are not dependent on idiosyncratic features of that individual, be they the speaker or audience member, but only on properties of the context in accord with which the practice is predictably used. [2.5] Nonveridicality. A linguistic construction that embeds or modifies others is nonveridical if the truth of sentences involving that construction does not depend on any proposition expressing material they embed or modify being true. [5.4] Paradox of democracy. Free societies are often imperiled by propaganda, which is allowed by robust free-speech protections. [11] Perspective. A perspective on a set of features of context is a distinctive system of attunements to those features. [6.4] Persuasion. What happens when communicative actions cause someone’s attunements to shift to conform to some preexisting pattern with which their original attunements would have been in tension, typically through intent to produce that change. [2.6] Power. An entity exerts power to the extent that it changes someone’s state, shapes their interests, or causes them to act. An entity has power to the extent that it has the ability to exert power. [2.6] Priming. Reflexive activation of one attunement by another. [3.6] Presuppositional resonance. Associative resonance − Effect probability, which equals: p(feature| instantiation of practice) − p(feature) − p(instantiation of practice caused feature). [5.2] Projection of resonance. A construction is a trigger for a projective resonance if both unembedded uses of the construction and uses of the construction in nonveridical environments tend to carry that resonance. [5.4] Propositional projection. A construction is a trigger for a projective proposition if both unembedded uses of the construction and uses of the construction in nonveridical environments provide evidence of speaker commitment to the truth of that proposition. [5.4] Propositionality (idealization).
Content is packaged into neat units, one proposition per utterance, and the primary point of communication is to convey these propositions with assertive speech acts. [9.2] Prosocial communication. Communication that lacks intended hustle. [8.2] Rationality (idealization).
Interlocutors are perfectly rational: they are computationally unlimited, reason scientifically and logically rather than emotionally, and have consistent preferences. [9.2] Schismogenesis. “A process of differentiation in the norms of individual behaviour resulting from cumulative interaction between individuals.” (Bateson, Naven, 175) [6.1] Shared context (idealization). Features of context relevant to interpretation must be mutually known in order that a unique content can be identified. [9.2] Social alignment hypothesis.
Accommodation by an interactional participant promotes confidence in the nature of their attunements to identities or groupings with which coordination is valued. [6.5] Social homogeneity (idealization). The linguistic community is socially homogeneous, and utterance meaning is computed without reference to social roles, affiliations, power relations, or personalities. [9.2] Standard socioethnic group term. Common names for racial, ethnic, and religious groups that are often used without derogation. [10.1] Straight talk. The straight talk in an utterance consists in those communicative acts the speaker performs transparently.
Discourse is straight talk if it is composed solely of straight talk.
[8.1] Strength of a slur. A slur is stronger (a) the more reviled the target group is within the discriminatory ideology, (b) the more the group picked out by the slur itself constitutes a distinct community of practice that is central to the identity of the outgroup’s members, (c) the greater the extent to which the slur use is associated with a history of oppression of the target group, (d) the greater the power of the in-group over the out-group, and (e) the stronger the contrast is between the discriminatory ideology within which the slurring practice exists and another prevalent ideology which does not devalue those in the out-group. [10.2] Transparency (of a communicative action). A communicative action is transparent if the speaker thinks that the hearer will recognize that action. [8.1] Transparency (idealization).
Utterance meaning, including presupposition and implicature, is characterized by a unique set of communicative intentions that are mutually and readily consciously recognizable. [9.2] Undermining propaganda. “A contribution to public discourse that is presented as an embodiment of certain ideals yet is of a kind that tends to erode those very ideals.” (Stanley, How Propaganda Works, 69) [6.1] Weakest-link hypothesis. “The maximum dissonance that can possibly exist between any two elements is equal to the total resistance to change of the less resistant element.” (Festinger, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance, 28) [3.2] BIBLIOGRAPHY Ajzen, Icek, and Martin Fishbein. Understanding Attitudes and Predicting Social Behavior.
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