1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
古埃及的除毛文化

Did Egyptian priests shave their heads?
“People presume the ancient Egyptians shaved their heads. The priests and priestesses did, but not everyone. They did take pride in their appearance,” says McCreesh. “The whole point of mummification was to preserve the body as in life.

古埃及神官會剃頭嗎？
一般男女神官會剃，但不是所有人都剃。
古埃及人注重外貌容儀，像是木乃伊化都會盡可能維持生前樣貌。

Why did Egyptian priests shave their bodies?
According to the Greek historian Herodotus, Egyptian priests in 6th century BCE would shave their entire bodies every other day as part of a ritual cleansing. When a king died, he was often buried with a barber and his trusty razor, so he could continue to get his daily shaves in the afterlife.

古埃及神官為何要全身除毛？
根據古希臘歷史學家希羅多德研究，西元前六世紀的埃及神官會固定進行全身除毛，這也是淨身儀式的一環。
當國王駕崩時，他的除毛工具和貼身刮毛刀通常也會一起陪葬，以便死後還能繼續每天除毛。

Did ancient Egyptian men have hair?
In Early Egypt, long hair and thick beards were hugely favored by men, not just because they depicted the gods and kings, but they also represented levels of ‘manliness’. A man’s thick beard and long hair was often seen as a representation of maturity, fertility, and capability, so obviously the bigger the better!

古埃及男性到底有沒有頭髮？
早期長髮和濃厚的鬍子是男性主要審美標準，並非是因為什麼神性還是權威，而是能夠展現「男性雄威」。
男性的長髮和濃厚鬍子被視為成熟、豐產、以及有能的象徵，所以當然是越大越好！

Did ancient Egyptians have body hair?
In Ancient Egypt, body hair, especially pubic hair, was a symbol of the uncivilized, depicted as dirty and unhygienic, hence why many women opted for hair removal. They also followed the trends set by Cleopatra, who removed all of her body hair, including from the top of her head, to signify social class.

古埃及人有體毛嗎？
在古代埃及當中，體毛（尤其是陰毛）被視為缺乏文明教養、骯髒不潔的象徵，因此許多女性都會選擇除毛。
另外克莉奧佩脫拉也有帶起這方面的流行，她本人也是全身除毛（包括頭髮），主要是為了強調自身的階級地位。

How did Egyptians get rid of body hair?
Women of ancient Egypt removed all of their body hair, including that on their heads, with tweezers (made from seashells), pumice stones, or early beeswax and sugar based waxes. Wealthy women and men used razors made from flints, tweezers, creams, and stones to remove excess hair.

古埃及人怎麼除毛？
古埃及的女性會進行全身除毛（包括頭髮），使用工具為貝殼製鑷子、輕石（阿嬤拿來磨硬皮的洞洞石）、或是古法製成的蜂蠟及蜜蠟。
有錢人則會使用打火石製成的刮刀、鑷子、除毛油膏、以及石頭等。

Why did men wear wigs in Egypt?
Wearing a wig signaled a person’s rank in Egyptian society. Although a shaved head was a sign of nobility during most of the Egyptian kingdoms, the majority of Egyptians kept their heads covered. Wigs were worn in place of headdresses or, for special occasions, with elaborate headdresses.

為何古埃及人要戴假髮？
在埃及社會，假髮是一種身份地位的代表。
雖然光頭在埃及多數王朝都是貴族的象徵，但大多數埃及人還是會稍微遮下頭皮。
假髮通常被拿來當作簡易頭飾，不過在特殊場合也會和頭飾搭配使用。

------------------------

古埃及的神職人員相關

Who was the high priest in ancient Egypt?
Typically, there was a high priest who was chosen by the pharaoh. The high priest managed the business of the temple and performed the most important rituals. At the bottom of the priest hierarchy were wab priests. They did the basic tasks involved for caring for the temple, like cleaning and helping prepare for festivals.

古埃及大祭司都是誰在當？
一般由法老親自指名，大祭司主要負責管理神廟以及主持各種重要儀式。
神官當中地位最低的是瓦布祭司，主要負責打掃維持神廟整潔，還有在節慶時的幫忙進行準備打雜。

What did the priests wear in ancient Egypt?
They were only allowed to wear linens or clothing made of plants. Articles of clothing that were made from animals were not permitted. They were required to shave their heads and bodies daily. Cold water baths were taken several times a day.

神官都穿什麼？
一般都是亞麻布，或者其他植物製成的衣物。動物製成的衣物是被禁止的。
剃頭及全身除毛為每日必須事項。數天會以冷水沐浴一次。

Who was the largest doctor in ancient Egypt?
The largest ancient Egyptian physician, Imhotep, who was a minister and engineer of King Djoser in the Third Dynasty, meaning his name (the one in peace), who worshiped in the later ages and the Greek and Roman eras as a god of medicine and likened him or identified him with the god Asclepius, the Greek-Roman god of medicine.

古埃及最大尾的醫生是哪位？
就是那個很有名的印和闐，這位同時也是第三王朝法老左塞爾的大臣兼工程師。
「印和闐」的字意為「帶來和平之人」。
印何闐本人在之後的希臘羅馬年代被作為醫神崇拜，信仰上和阿斯克勒庇俄斯（希臘羅馬的醫神）有所連結。

What was the role of the clergy in ancient Egypt?
The clergy of ancient Egypt did not preach, interpret scripture, proselytize, or conduct weekly services; their sole responsibility was to care for the god in the temple. Men and women could be clergy, performed the same functions, and received the same pay.

古埃及的牧師都是做什麼的？
和現代不同，古埃及律師沒有什麼講道傳教等行為。他們的唯一一項工作就是確保神廟中的神明一切安好。
牧師男女皆可擔當，同工同酬。

------------------------

人類除毛史兩三事

How did they cut hair in ancient times?
shears were used to cut the hair on the crown of the head. At the end of the barber’s work they would place a mirror up to the customer’s face so that they could judge the quality of their work. The barber would also use a curling iron, tweezers, and razors. Each razor had its own case.

古代人都怎麼剪頭髮？
就跟現代一樣有理髮剪刀，理髮師一樣會拿鏡子問客倌滿不滿意。
還有那個時代也有燙捲棒、除毛鑷子、和刮毛刀。每種刀片都會分開裝。

When did it become popular to shave pubic hair?
Having to go bare legged, more women shaved their legs, a practice that prepared them for the mini-skirt in the 1960s. By 1964, 98 percent of American women were routinely shaving their legs. With the introduction of the bikini in 1946, the stage was set for women to start trimming pubic hair as well.

剃掉陰毛是何時成為主流的？
由於1960年代迷你裙開始流行，越來越多女性選擇剃掉腿毛。
1964年，98%的美國女性都有在固定除腿毛。
因為比基尼泳裝正是在1964年發明，因此女性從這個時間點開始有了剃陰毛的風潮。