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《歷史的終結和最後一個人》
福山論點核心是，蘇聯的解體和隨後自由民主原則的傳播預示著意識形態鬥爭的結束，迎來了西方自由資本主義勝利的時代。 當時，這引發了一種樂觀情緒，預示著一個更加平等和繁榮的時代。 然而，隨後的幾年暴露了自由資本主義範式中固有的錯綜複雜的矛盾和復雜性。 因此，當前住房負擔能力和就業穩定性的現實與福山的樂觀願景形成鮮明對比，引發了人們對其所宣稱的歷史結局的可持續性的相關質疑。

在當今時代，曾經確定的擁有住房的夢想已成為許多人難以實現的願望。 飆升的房地產價格，加上收入停滯和財富不平等鴻溝不斷擴大，給有抱負的購房者帶來了巨大的障礙，有時甚至讓他們背負著難以克服的債務負擔。 2000 年代末的金融危機暴露了不受監管的資本主義體系的脆弱性，留下了不可磨滅的傷痕，至今仍然影響著住房的獲取。 福山關於自由民主和資本主義崛起的斷言現在看來更像是一個短暫的插曲，而不是一個不屈不撓的歷史結局。

同樣，穩定就業的本質也發生了深刻的變化。 以短暫且不穩定的工作安排為標誌的零工經濟的出現重塑了當代勞動力格局。 技術進步取代了傳統產業，加劇了就業不穩定，破壞了穩定、長期就業的理念。 福山關於自由資本主義社會提供持久就業保障和繁榮的願景受到全球化和自動化不斷升級的力量的嚴重挑戰，這導致越來越多的勞動力階層被剝奪公民權和幻滅。

雖然福山的思想貢獻在其歷史背景下既具有開創性又有價值，但在思考當今時代的迫切需要時，必須對它們進行批判性和辯證的審視。

現代世界不斷變化的複雜性迫使我們超越過去範式的限制，採用新穎且適應性強的方法來應對當今時代複雜的挑戰。 通過採取敏銳和創新的立場，並通過嚴格的哲學探究，我們可以努力創造一個更加公平和繁榮的未來，讓所有社會成員都能實現擁有住房和穩定就業的美好理想。

毫無疑問，它對 90 年代末的電影主題產生了深遠的影響，反映了那個以自由主義和資本主義假定勝利為標誌的時代精神。 在此期間，電影製片人經常圍繞意識形態鬥爭的明顯高潮、對全球和諧的樂觀情緒以及統一世界的繁榮前景展開敘事。 然而，這種觀點在 2020 年代逐漸演變並呈現出不同的面貌，電影反映了對福山思想更加細緻和批判性的視角。

90年代末，電影經常描繪一個烏托邦或後世界末日的世界，自由民主和資本主義的力量佔據統治地位，帶來一個繁榮和相互聯繫的時代。 這些電影慶祝了西方戰勝共產主義，主題包括技術進步、消費主義和全球化社會的誘惑。 《ID4星際重生》（1996）和《駭客任務》（1999）等大片描繪了人類團結起來對抗外部威脅的故事，凸顯了自由資本主義社會克服挑戰的集體力量。

到達歷史終結、自由民主原則變得普遍且無懈可擊的想法也在這一時期的電影中引起了共鳴。 在技術進步的推動下，全球社區不斷擴大的概念在《接觸未來》（1997）和《泰坦 A.E.》（2000）等電影中得到了突出體現。 。 這些電影經常將人類描繪成超越了舊有的分歧，擁抱和諧的未來。

然而，隨著 2020 年代的到來，電影界的情緒發生了變化。 電影開始質疑福山“歷史終結”論點的樂觀描述。 反烏托邦、不平等以及無節制資本主義的意外後果等主題日益突出。 《末日列車》（2013）、《極樂世界》（2013）和《瘋狂麥斯：憤怒道》（2015）等電影反映了人們對自由資本主義將不可避免地導致烏托邦社會這一觀點日益增長的懷疑。

此外，2020 年代具有社會意識的電影激增，這些電影深入探討了收入不平等、企業貪婪和環境退化等問題。 《寄生上流》（2019 年）、《小丑》（2019 年）和《游牧人生》（2020 年）等電影描繪了人物與殘酷現實的世界作鬥爭，在這些世界中，自由資本主義的承諾往往無法為邊緣化和被剝奪權利的人實現。

從本質上講，《歷史的終結與最後一個人》對90年代末電影的影響是樂觀主義和對自由主義和資本主義勝利的慶祝。 然而，在 2020 年代，電影的描繪轉向對這些意識形態進行更加批判性的審視，探索它們的缺點以及它們在日益複雜和不平等的世界中所帶來的挑戰。 電影主題的這種演變反映了社會觀點的變化，以及人們認識到福山對不可避免的和諧未來的願景還遠未確定。

當社會努力應對緊迫的全球問題時，電影仍然是一面鏡子，反映我們對未來的集體希望、恐懼和渴望。

"The End of History and the Last Man" by Francis Fukuyama
Central to Fukuyama's thesis is the notion that the collapse of the Soviet Union and the subsequent spread of liberal democratic principles heralded the conclusion of ideological struggle, ushering in an era where Western liberal capitalism emerged triumphant. At the time, this engendered a sense of optimism, promising an era of greater egalitarianism and prosperity.

However, the intervening years have brought to light the intricate contradictions and complexities inherent in the liberal capitalist paradigm. Consequently, the present reality of housing affordability and employment stability stands in stark contrast to Fukuyama's optimistic vision, raising pertinent questions about the sustainability of his proclaimed historical denouement.

In contemporary times, the once assured dream of home-ownership has become an elusive aspiration for multitudes. Soaring real estate prices, coupled with stagnant incomes and the expanding chasm of wealth inequality, have engendered significant obstacles for aspiring homeowners and, at times, left them burdened by insurmountable debt.

The financial crisis of the late 2000s unveiled the fragility of an unregulated capitalist system, leaving indelible scars that continue to influence housing access in the present day. Fukuyama's assertion of liberal democracy and capitalism's ascendancy now appears more akin to a transient episode rather than an indomitable historical denouement.


Likewise, the very nature of stable employment has undergone a profound metamorphosis. The advent of the gig economy, marked by transient and precarious work arrangements, has reshaped the contemporary labor landscape.

Advancements in technology have displaced traditional industries, fostering job insecurity and undermining the notion of stable, long-term employment. Fukuyama's vision of liberal capitalist societies providing enduring job security and prosperity is severely challenged by the escalating forces of globalization and automation, which have contributed to the disenfranchisement and disillusionment experienced by a growing segment of the workforce.


While Fukuyama's intellectual contributions were both seminal and valuable in their historical context, they must be subjected to a critical and dialectical examination when contemplating the exigencies of the present era.


The evolving complexities of the modern world compel us to transcend the confines of past paradigms and embrace novel and adaptive approaches in addressing the intricate challenges of our time. By adopting a discerning and innovative stance, informed by rigorous philosophical inquiry, we may endeavor to forge a more equitable and prosperous future, in which the aspirational ideals of home-ownership and stable employment can be realized by all members of society.

It undoubtedly had a profound impact on late 90's movie themes, reflecting the zeitgeist of the era marked by the presumed triumph of liberalism and capitalism. During this time, filmmakers often explored narratives revolving around the apparent culmination of ideological struggle, a sense of optimism about global harmony, and the prospects of prosperity in a unified world.

However, this outlook gradually evolved and took on a different complexion in the 2020s, with movies reflecting a more nuanced and critical perspective on Fukuyama's ideas.

In the late 90s, movies often portrayed a utopian or post-apocalyptic world where the forces of liberal democracy and capitalism reigned supreme, bringing about an era of prosperity and interconnectedness.

These films celebrated the triumph of the West over communism, with themes of technological progress, consumerism, and the allure of a globalized society. Blockbusters like "Independence Day" (1996) and "The Matrix" (1999) depicted humanity uniting against external threats, highlighting the collective power of a liberal capitalist society to overcome challenges.

The idea of reaching the end of history, where liberal democratic principles become universal and unassailable, also resonated in films during this period. Concepts of an ever-expanding global community, spurred by technological advancements, were prominent in movies like "Contact" (1997) and "Titan A.E." (2000). These films often portrayed humanity as having transcended old divisions and embracing a harmonious future.

However, as the 2020s dawned, the mood shifted in the cinematic landscape. Movies began to question the rosy depiction of Fukuyama's "end of history" thesis. Themes of dystopia, inequality, and the unintended consequences of unbridled capitalism gained prominence. Films like "Snowpiercer" (2013), "Elysium" (2013), and "Mad Max: Fury Road" (2015) reflected a growing skepticism towards the idea that liberal capitalism would inevitably lead to a utopian society.

Moreover, the 2020s saw a surge in socially conscious films, which delved into issues such as income inequality, corporate greed, and environmental degradation. Movies like "Parasite" (2019), "Joker" (2019), and "Nomadland" (2020) depicted characters grappling with the harsh realities of a world where the promises of liberal capitalism often fail to materialize for the marginalized and disenfranchised.

In essence, the impact of "The End of History and the Last Man" on late 90's movies was marked by a sense of optimism and celebration of the triumph of liberalism and capitalism. However, in the 2020s, the cinematic portrayal shifted towards a more critical examination of these ideologies, exploring their shortcomings and the challenges they present in an increasingly complex and unequal world.

This evolution in movie themes reflects the changing societal perspective and the recognition that Fukuyama's vision of an inevitable and harmonious future is far from certain. As society grapples with pressing global issues, cinema continues to be a mirror that reflects our collective hopes, fears, and aspirations for the future.